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Income & Poverty Working Papers

Working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics. They have not undergone a review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications.

View the list of working paper topics.

View the list of working papers by year.


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Working Paper
Examining the Incidence and Depth of Poverty in the U.S. 2012
This paper expands on information about estimates of a Supplemental Poverty Measure for the U.S. reported earlier (Short, 2012).


Working Paper
Comparing Supplemental Poverty Measure Thresholds and Family Budgets
The Census Bureau reports on the SPM compared income-to-poverty‐threshold ratios using the official and the SPM.


Working Paper
Program Participation and Child Well-Being
This study compares the well-being of low-income children who receive assistance from TANF and SNAP to their low-income, non-recipient counterparts.


Working Paper
Supplemental Poverty Measure: SIPP 2004
This paper describes in some detail the challenge of changing and moving the measurement of poverty in the CPS to measuring poverty in the SIPP.


Working Paper
Estimating the value of WIC benefits for the SPM
This paper proposes a measurement change for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC).


Working Paper
Examining the Effect of Off-Campus College Students on Poverty Rates
Analyzes the impact of college students in particular of those not living with relatives, on the poverty rate of places in which the schools are located.


Working Paper
Measuring Earnings Instability using Survey and Administrative Data
Earnings instability is measured to have different levels depending on the data source and type of measure.


Working Paper
Defining Poverty in Terms of Time and Income: Parental Time
This poster was presented at PAA. It looks at poverty in terms of time use using time diary data to identify families who are income poor, time poor, and both.


Working Paper
Comparing Supplemental Poverty Thresholds and Family Budgets
Explores how to characterize various percentages of Supplemental Poverty Measure threshold relative to standard budgets and to the official poverty thresholds.


Working Paper
Dynamics of Disconnection
In the wake of welfare reform and the recent recession, there has been increased interest in identifying and assessing the well-being of disconnected families.


Working Paper
Supplemental Poverty Measure: Geographic Adjustments
The Supplemental Poverty Measure adjusts the housing portion of the thresholds for differences in costs, and the food portion.


Working Paper
The Relation of Income to Other Measures of Material Well-being
This paper builds on previous research using the SIPP to examine how income earned by household members contribute to the well-being of the household.


Working Paper
Using W2 Administrative Records to Compare SIPP & SIPP-EHC
To reduce costs and improve data quality, the SIPP was reengineered by using a longer retrospective reference period and adopting an event history calendar.


Working Paper
The SIPP-EHC’s Type2 Question Battery
We test the efficacy of the SIPP-EHC with regard to the capture of information about former household members.


Working Paper
Lone Mothers' Educational Attainment, Labor Market Outcomes, & Poverty
This paper assesses the well-being of lone mothers. It compares educational attainment, labor force participation, and poverty status from 1967 to the present.


Working Paper
An Evaluation of Retirement Income in the CPS ASEC
An evaluation of the quality of the retirement income data in the 2010 CPS ASEC, comparing it to IRS 1099-R forms filed with tax returns in the tax year 2009.


Working Paper
Life on the Edge: Living Near Poverty in the United States, 1966-2011
This paper takes a deeper look at those living just above the official poverty thresholds.


Working Paper
Changes in Poverty Measurement
Explores trends in the gender disparities in poverty status and describes the impact of using an alternative poverty measure.


Working Paper
Evaluating the 2013 CPS ASEC Income Redesign Content Test
CPS ASEC is the official source of US national poverty stats. The questionnaire redesign aims to update questions on retirement income and health insurance.


Working Paper
SIPP Work Experience and Earnings Associations
This paper focuses on the earnings of individuals based on years of experience.

Page Last Revised - June 13, 2023
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