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Data & Maps
Surveys & Programs
Resource Library
Evidence Building Working Papers
Evidence Building Working Papers
The Census Bureau seeks to be the federal leader in the collection and secure provisioning of data for evidence building and evaluation. Through this on-going series, the results of evidence-building and program evaluation focused work from across the Census Bureau are released through reports and working papers as part of the Bureau's efforts to be fully transparent in how Title-13 protected data are used. This research is consistent with the vision and mission of the Census Bureau, the provisions of the Foundations of Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018, and in support of the Presidential Memorandum on Restoring Trust in Government Through Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking.
Working Paper
Collaborative Micro-Productivity Project: Establishment-Level Productivity Dataset, 1972-2020
We describe the construction of the Collaborative Micro-productivity Project microdata, which is used to create the Dispersion Statistics on Productivity.
Working Paper
Outsourcing Dynamism
Outsourced employment is an important margin of adjustment for plants facing productivity shocks and biases the measurement of aggregate job reallocations.
Working Paper
The 2010 Census Confidentiality Protections Failed, Here’s How And Why
We perfectly reconstruct 2010 Census records for 97 million people, correctly infering race and ethnicity for 3.4 million vulnerable population uniques.
Working Paper
Where to Build Affordable Housing? Evaluating the Tradeoffs of Location
This paper quantifies the effects of building affordable housing in more (versus less) economically-advantaged neighborhoods on tenant welfare and segregation.
Working Paper
Is The Gender Pay Gap Largest At The Top?
This paper presents new statistics on the contemporary gender pay gap, with attention to heterogeneity across pay percentiles and education statuses.
Working Paper
Productivity Dispersion and Structural Change in Retail Trade
We present evidence on the transformation of the retail trade sector, focusing on how the transformation is reflected in the productivity distribution.
Working Paper
Local and National Concentration Trends in Jobs and Sales: The Role of Structural Transformation
The structural transformation of US industry during 1982 - 2017 spurred a rise in local sales concentration and a decline in local employment concentration.
Working Paper
Producing U.S. Population Statistics Using Multiple Administrative Sources
We discuss challenges encountered when producing administrative record-based population estimates and ways to address them.
Working Paper
Output Market Power and Spatial Misallocation
This paper studies differences in output market power across U.S. cities and shows that they lead firms to locate inefficiently across space.
Working Paper
Are Immigrants More Innovative? Evidence from Entrepreneurs
Evidence from the Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs suggests that immigrant-owned are more innovative and productive than native-owned firms.
Working Paper
Granular Income Inequality and Mobility using IDDA: Exploring Patterns across Race and Ethnicity
This working paper develops a new set of statistics on income inequality and mobility using administrative tax data linked to demographic Census Bureau data.
Working Paper
The Economic Geography of Lifecycle Human Capital Accumulation: The Competing Effects of Labor Markets and Childhood Environments
Do the places that produce human capital in childhood also produce human capital in adulthood? We provide evidence of a tradeoff and explore why it occurs.
Working Paper
A Tale of Two Fields? STEM Career Outcomes
We analyze the market for Ph.D. recipients, finding large disparities across research fields in placement, earnings, and the use of specialized human capital.
Working Paper
The Impact of Industrial Opt-Out from Utility Sponsored Energy Efficiency Programs
This study of “opt-outs” from utility energy efficiency programs finds that opt-outs perform as well as participants when accounting for endogenous choice.
Working Paper
Temperature and Local Industry Concentration
Warming climate adversely affects small manufacturers’ energy costs and productivity, leading to labor reallocation and increased local industry concentration.
Working Paper
Antitrust Enforcement Increases Economic Activity
We show that antitrust enforcement actions permanently increase employment and business formation in targeted industries.
Working Paper
An In-Depth Examination of Requirements for Disclosure Risk Assessment
We evaluate the absolute risk, prior-to-posterior, and counterfactual disclosure frameworks finding counterfactual comparisons satisfy the most desiderata.
Working Paper
AI Adoption in America: Who, What, and Where
We study the early adoption and diffusion of AI-related technologies as documented in the 2018 Annual Business Survey of 850,000 firms across the United States.
Working Paper
How Do Health Insurance Costs Affect Firm Labor Composition and Technology Investment?
This paper examines the causal effect of health insurance premiums on firms’ employment in terms of quantity/composition and technology investment decisions.
Working Paper
Coverage of Children in the American Community Survey Based on California Birth Records
This paper uses California as a case study to examine differences between reported versus unreported children in the ACS based on state birth records.
Patents, Innovation, and Market Entry
We use NLP and novel Census data to ask how limits to software patentability shape innovation, job creation, and market entry.
When and Why Does Nonresponse Occur? Comparing the Determinants of Initial Unit Nonresponse and Panel Attrition
This paper uses the SIPP and linked administrative data to compare the determinants of baseline unit nonresponse with that of panel attrition.
Working Paper
Mixed-Effects Methods for Search and Matching Research
We compare the performance of mixed-effects methods containing person and firm effects with recent enhancements to the more traditional fixed-effects methods.
Working Paper
Noncitizen Coverage and Its Effects on U.S. Population Statistics
Administrative records cover more noncitizens than surveys, affecting socioeconomic characteristic estimates.
Working Paper
Labor Market Segmentation and the Distribution of Income: New Evidence from Internal Census Bureau Data
We present new findings validating earlier literature on segmentation in the earnings distribution based on internal CPS ASEC data using a novel mixture model.
Working Paper
Industry Wage Differentials: A Firm-Based Approach
We provide new LEHD-based measures of industry wage differentials, and show our approach overcome biases present in methods commonly used in the literature.
Working Paper
Research and/or Development? Financial Frictions and Innovation Investment
We use Census data to study how US firms adjust their innovation investments in response to an external increase in funding cost.
Working Paper
The Changing Firm and Country Boundaries of US Manufacturers in Global Value Chains
This paper uses two novel data sources to document how US firms organize goods production across firm and country boundaries.
Eviction and Poverty in American Cities
This paper uses linked administrative data to study the causal impacts of eviction on earnings, homelessness, and financial health in Chicago and New York.
Access to Financing and Racial Pay Gap Inside Firms
Utilizing exogenous shocks to firms’ debt capacity, we find that better access to debt financing narrows the earnings gap between minority and white workers.
Working Paper
Unionization, Employer Opposition, and Establishment Closure
We document that private-sector unionization negatively affects establishment employment and survival and provide new reasons for these effects.
Working Paper
The Local Origins of Business Formation
Using business applications, we analyze the spatial disparity in the creation of business ideas and the formation of new employer startups from these ideas.
Working Paper
Technology Lock-In and Costs of Delayed Climate Policy
Technology lock-in implies that increasing entry-year energy prices by 10% decreases plants’ energy intensity of production by 3% throughout their lifetime.
Working Paper
Virtual Charter Students Have Worse Labor Market Outcomes as Young Adults
Despite growing demand for virtual charter schools, analysis using linked education and earnings records suggest long-term negative consequences for students.
The Gender Pay Gap and Its Determinants Across the Human Capital Distribution
This study links American Community Survey data and postsecondary transcript records to examine how the gender pay varies across education levels.
Working Paper
Fatal Errors: The Mortality Value of Accurate Weather Forecasts
Accurate weather forecasts save thousands of lives. Accounting for benefits and costs, forecasts create billions of dollars of value for Americans every year.
Page Last Revised - February 26, 2024
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