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Working Papers

U.S. Census Bureau "Working Papers" have not undergone the review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications. These working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics.

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Newly Available Individual-Level U.S. Tax Data from 1969-1994

February 28, 2024

This paper describes a series of linkable individual-level data from the full universe Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 1040 files in 1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, 1989, and 1994. These data were recently made available to researchers through the Census Bureau's restricted data program.

Using the Census Bureau’s Master Address File for Migration Research

This paper describes the MAF, compares internal migration rates using these data to other published estimates on migration, directly compares it to questions in surveys at the individual-level, and presents novel estimates of migration distance for movers in the U.S.

Assigning Contemporaneous Census Tracts to Historical Income Tax Data

This paper presents three methods to assign contemporaneous geographic variables to recently recovered historical tax data. We evaluate the results and conclude with recommendations and limitations.

Business and Economy

Building the Census Bureau Index of Economic Activity (IDEA)

Also published under: Center for Economic Studies (CES) Working Paper Series: CES-23-15 and Research Report Series – Statistics (RRS) Working Paper Series: RRS2

Using Administrative Records to Support the Linkage of Census Data...

This article describes the linkage methods that will be used in the Decennial Census Digitization and Linkage project (DCDL), which is completing the final four decades of a longitudinal census infrastructure covering the past 170 years of United States history.

Using Administrative Records to Support the Linkage of Census Data...

This article describes the linkage methods that will be used in the Decennial Census Digitization and Linkage project (DCDL), which is completing the final four decades of a longitudinal census infrastructure covering the past 170 years of United States history.

Expanded Contraceptive Access Increased Women’s College Completion in Colorado

Using eleven years of American Community Survey data linked to decennial censuses, we show that expanded access to contraception led to improvements in women’s college completion.

The Missing Link: Data Capture Technology and the Making of a Longitudinal U.S. Census Infrastructure

This paper describes the technological advances in data capture that have enabled this centuries-long longitudinal data infrastructure to flourish while still leaving a sizeable “missing link” from 1950 to 1990.

Business and Economy

Digitizing Hand-Written Data with Automated Methods: A Pilot Project Using the 1990 U.S. Census

In this paper, we document the 1990 Census Name Recovery Pilot (NRP) project, which was used to identify the most accurate and cost-effective means to recover respondent names, focusing on the example of the 1990 census.

The Summary Earnings Record and Detailed Earnings Record Extracts

This paper describes the history and contents of the restricted-use Summary Earnings Record (SER) data and the Detailed Earnings Records (DER) data extracts that can be linked to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC).

Justice-involved Individuals in the Labor Market since the Great Recession

This paper examines how individuals convicted of a felony or released from prison have fared in the labor market since the Great Recession.

Business and Economy

Measuring All-Cause Mortality with the Census Numident File

This paper describes and assesses the quality of the population-level US mortality data in the Census Numident.

Measuring U.S. Fertility using Administrative Data

Census Bureau makes restricted-use administrative birth data available through the Census Numident for nearly all U.S. births for more than the last century.

Statistical Language Performance at the U.S. Census Bureau

This paper compares the runtime of different programming languages while performing basic data management tasks and presents information on the wide variations.

Final Report: Economic Census Synthetic Data Project Research Team

This is the final report from the cross-directorate team.

Probability Forecast Combination via Entropy Regularized Wasserstein

In this paper, we study a class of density forecast combination methods based on a Wasserstein metric.

Business and Economy

Criminal Disqualifications in the Paycheck Protection Program

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress created the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) to support small businesses.

Using Daily Payment Processor Data

Daily retail transaction data provides insight on if and how consumers change spending behaviors around the Super Bowl.

The Decennial Census Digitization and Linkage Project

This paper describes the DCDL, which is an initiative to produce linked restricted microdata files from the decennial censuses of 1960 through 1990.

Business and Economy

The Use and Misuse of Income Data and Extreme Poverty

This paper examines extreme poverty in the U.S. using household surveys linked to administrative records.

OECD Innovation Project: Findings From Early Stage Scoping Interviews

Testing of survey questions with expanded definitions of innovation with for-profit businesses.

Management & Organizational Practices Survey: Collection & Processing

This paper details important mail and collection strategies used for the MOPS, differences in the collection and processing of the MOPS over two survey waves.

Age and High-Growth Entrepreneurship

This paper uses US Census Bureau administrative data to evaluate the common hypotheses that emphasize youth as a key trait of successful entrepreneurs

In 2017, the Census Bureau fielded a Split-Panel test of the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC).

Early-Stage Business Formation: An Analysis of Applications for EINs

This paper reports on the development and analysis of a newly constructed dataset on the early stages of business formation.

The Management and Organizational Practices Survey (MOPS): An Overview

January 12, 2017

Understanding productivity and business dynamics requires measuring production outputs and inputs.

Business Dynamics Statistics

November 20, 2009

This working paper Business Dynamics Statistics is from BDS Selected Papers and Presentations.

Business Dynamics Statistics: An Overview

This working paper Highlights from the Business Dynamics Statistics is from BDS Selected Papers and Presentations.

Business Formation and Dynamics by Business Age

This working paper Business Formation and Dynamics by Business Age is from BDS Selected Papers and Presentations.

Highlights from the Business Dynamics Statistics

This working paper Business Dynamics Statistics: An Overview is from BDS Selected Papers and Presentations.

State Estimates of Child Care Establishments: 1977 - 1997

August 16, 2001

This poster session presents data on all state child care establishments that have filed Federal Income tax forms.

Measuring Electronic Business

This paper describes the United States Census Bureau’s e-business measurement program.

Business and Economy

Government Statistics: E-Commerce and the Electronic Economy

This paper highlights some of the issues associated with measuring our electronic economy, emphasizing the measurement of e-commerce.

Measuring the Electronic Economy: Current Status and Next Steps

This paper develops principles for identifying information critical to measuring the size and evaluating the potential effects of the electronic economy.

Measuring the Digital Economy

This paper and supplementing presentation describes the United States Census Bureau's e-business measurement program.

State Estimates of Organized Child Care Facilities

This paper presents data on the characteristics of child care businesses for individual states.

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