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- Comparing ACS Data /
- 2023 Comparison Guidance
Comparing 2023 American Community Survey Data
Learn more about comparing:
Related Information
- 2022 ACS 1-year estimates
- 2020 Census
- 2010 Census
Related Information
- 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates
When comparing ACS estimates with other ACS estimates, there are several points to consider:
- Change in geographic boundaries - The geographic boundaries for the 2023 ACS 1-year estimates represent the boundaries as of January 1, 2023. Data users should be aware of changes in geographic boundaries when making comparisons. To learn more about geographic boundaries and notable changes for 2023, check out the Geography Boundaries by Year and Geography Changes webpages, respectively. For more information on geographic concepts used in the ACS, visit Geography and the ACS.
- Change in the questionnaire or coding - The list below provides details by subject for major questionnaire or coding changes.
- For guidance on issues with specific geographies or methodological changes, visit the Errata Notes and User Notes pages.
Comparing 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates
Age
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Compare
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Use Caution. The population continually ages—people enter into older age groups while babies fill the youngest age group. This means that a completely different set of people make up each age group from one time period to the next. Since populations occasionally experience booms/increases (for example, the postwar Baby Boom from 1946-1964) and busts/decreases in births, deaths, or migration, one should not necessarily expect that the population in an age group in the 2010 Census should be similar in size or proportion to the population in the same age group in different data year(s). For example, Baby Boomers were ages 46 to 64 in the 2010 Census while they were ages 59 to 77 in the 2023 1-year ACS, and ages 55 to 77 in the 2019-2023 5-year period. So, because Baby Boomers continue to age over time, the age groups 65 to 69 and 70 to 74 would show considerable increase in population when comparing 2010 Census data with subsequent single year or multiyear ACS data.
Sex
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Compare
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Compare
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Compare. Differences between the 2023 ACS and Census 2020 may be the result of demographic changes, processing, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as ACS controls. For more information, see the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Use caution. Differences between 2023 ACS and 2010 Census may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on race was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census race question), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Use caution. Differences between 2023 ACS and 2022 ACS may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on Hispanic origin was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census Hispanic origin), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Compare. Differences between the 2023 ACS and Census 2020 may be the result of demographic changes, processing, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as ACS controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Use caution. Differences between 2023 ACS and 2010 Census may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on Hispanic origin was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census Hispanic origin question), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Citizenship Status
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Nativity
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Year of Entry
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Do Not Compare or Use Caution. A data processing error was present in the 2022 ACS 1-year data on Migration, Residence 1 Year Ago among respondents who reported moving within the state of Connecticut or from the state of Connecticut to another state or Puerto Rico. For Connecticut as a state of current or previous residence, users should not compare 2023 1-year and 2022 1-year estimates of detailed mover categories. For other states and Puerto Rico, users should use caution when comparing 2023 1-year and 2022 1-year estimates of detailed mover categories. Estimates of total movers, non-movers, and movers from abroad can be compared. For more information, see this Errata Note: Data Processing Error for Migration Originating in Connecticut in 2022 ACS.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Means of Transportation to Work
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Place of Work
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Private Vehicle Occupancy
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Time Leaving Home
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Travel Time to Work
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Use caution. Both the ACS and the 2020 Census used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit. However, the ACS edit also incorporated marital status information into the editing process, while the 2020 Census did not. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Use caution. The ACS used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit and 2010 Census did not. The ACS also has a category for foster children which is not in the 2010 Census. Additionally, the ACS includes separate answer categories for opposite-sex and same-sex spouses and unmarried partners and does not include a roomer or boarder category. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Use caution. Both the ACS and the 2020 Census used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit. However, the ACS edit also incorporated marital status information into the editing process, while Census 2020 did not. These edits are used to determine categories of family and household types. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Use caution. The ACS used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit and 2010 Census did not. The ACS also has a category for foster children, which is not in the 2010 Census. Additionally, the ACS includes separate answer categories for opposite-sex and same-sex spouses and unmarried partners and does not include a roomer or boarder category. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
Marital Status
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Marital History
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Type of School & School Enrollment
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Educational Attainment
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Undergraduate Field of Degree
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Ability to Speak English
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Language Spoken at Home
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Poverty Status of Families and People in Families
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2023 ACS 1-year with the 2022 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2023 with those in 2022. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Poverty Status of All People in the Poverty Universe
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2023 ACS 1-year with the 2022 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2023 with those in 2022. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Hearing, Vision Difficulty
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Cognitive, Ambulatory, Self-Care Difficulty
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Independent Living Difficulty
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Household Income, Household Income by Source, Family Income, Nonfamily Household Income, Income for Individuals
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, adjacent years will have some reference months in common. Hence, comparing the 2023 ACS 1-year with the 2022 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2023 with those in 2022. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, “Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey,” Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. The Census Bureau recommends using R-CPI-U-RS adjustment factors published annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to adjust 2022 median, mean, and per capita income dollar amounts to 2023 dollars by multiplying the 2022 dollar amounts by the R-CPI-U-RS factor of 1.04125145.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Earnings (individuals)
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, adjacent years will have some reference months in common. Hence, comparing the 2023 ACS 1-year with the 2022 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2023 with those in 2022. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. The Census Bureau recommends using R-CPI-U-RS adjustment factors published annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to adjust 2022 median, mean, and per capita income dollar amounts to 2023 dollars by multiplying the 2022 dollar amounts by the R-CPI-U-RS factor of 1.04125145.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Veteran Status
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Period of Military Service
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Service-Connected Disability Status and Ratings
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Food Stamp, SNAP Benefit
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Employment Status
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Hours Worked
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Weeks Worked
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare. Beginning in data year 2019, respondents to the Weeks Worked question provided an integer value for the number of weeks worked. For data years 2008 through 2018, respondents selected a category corresponding to the number of weeks worked.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Class of Worker
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Industry
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Use Caution. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) was revised in 2022. The 2022 NAICS revision was used to create the 2022 Census Industry Code List, which was first applied to the 2023 1-year ACS. For the 2022 Census Industry Code List, a total of 38 codes were deleted and 33 codes added. In addition to code changes, there were also 89 industry description changes and updates. For a summary of 2022 code changes and a Census 2017 to 2022 industry crosswalk, please visit the Industry and Occupation page.
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Occupation
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Bedrooms
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Contract, Gross, and Asking Rent
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Cost of Utilities
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
House Heating Fuel
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Kitchen Facilities
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Mortgage Status
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Use caution. The question was not asked in the 2020 Census; however, mortgage status can be obtained from the tenure question (owned with a mortgage or loan, including home equity loans; or owned free and clear, without a mortgage or loan).
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Use caution. The question was not asked in the 2010 Census; however, mortgage status can be obtained from the tenure question (owned with a mortgage or loan, including home equity loans; or owned free and clear, without a mortgage or loan).
Occupants per Room
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Plumbing Facilities
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Real Estate Taxes
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Rooms
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Selected Monthly Owner Costs
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Telephone Service
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Tenure
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Compare
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Compare
Units in Structure
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Vacancy Status
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Do Not Compare. Because the ACS and the Decennial Census differ in their design and data collection methods, users should note that estimates of vacancy rates may also differ. For more information on vacancy rates between the ACS and Census, see Comparing 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates of Occupancy Status, Vacancy Status, and Household Size with the 2010 Census - Preliminary Results.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Do Not Compare. Because the ACS and the Decennial Census differ in their design and data collection methods, users should note that estimates of vacancy rates may also differ. For more information on vacancy rates between the ACS and Census, see Comparing 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates of Occupancy Status, Vacancy Status, and Household Size with the 2010 Census - Preliminary Results.
Value of Property
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Vehicles Available
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Year Moved In
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
Year Structure Built
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
Use caution. The total group quarters (GQ) population in the ACS may not be comparable with Census 2020 because there are some Census 2020 GQ types that were out of scope in the ACS such as maritime/merchant vessels, soup kitchens, regularly scheduled mobile food vans, and shelters for victims of natural disasters. The exclusion of these GQ types from the ACS may result in a small bias in some ACS estimates to the extent that the excluded population is different from the included population.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
Use caution. The total group quarters (GQ) population in the ACS may not be comparable with the 2010 Census. The ACS does not include all the GQ types that are found in the decennial census such as maritime/merchant vessels, soup kitchens, regularly scheduled mobile food vans, and shelters for victims of natural disasters. The exclusion of these GQ types from the ACS may result in a small bias in some ACS estimates to the extent that the excluded population is different from the included population.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2023 ACS 1-Year with 2022 ACS 1-Year
Compare
2023 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2023 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
* Each subject area is listed with its 2-digit code identifier. This code corresponds to the second and third characters of the ACS table number. For example, Table B08303 - Travel Time to Work has the second and third digits of "08" which corresponds to the subject Journey to Work; Workers; and Commuting.
Comparing 2019-2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates
Specifically, when comparing the 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates with other non-overlapping ACS 5-year estimates, there are several points to consider:
- Changes to the population controls – The 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates use population controls that are informed by the 2020 Census. For guidance regarding the population controls for this data release, refer to Population Controls for the 2023 ACS. For more information about how the population estimates are used as controls for the ACS, visit the 2019-2023 ACS Multiyear Accuracy of the Data document.
Data users should use caution when comparing ACS 5-year estimates that include 2020 with other ACS 5-year data. There are multiple challenges to interpreting comparisons, including:
- Changes to the weighting methodology implemented to address the nonresponse bias issues in the 2020 data, see Modification to the 5-Year Estimation Methodology Containing Data Collected in 2020.
- Actual changes within the population and our ability to capture those changes.
- Tendency of multiyear estimates to smooth out sudden changes, see Period Estimates in the American Community Survey.
Age
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Compare
Sex
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Compare
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Differences between the 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates and 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates may be the result of demographic changes and/or differences in question wording, race reporting, or coding updates. For more information, visit the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Differences between the 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates and 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates may be the result of demographic changes and/or differences in question wording, Hispanic origin reporting, or coding updates. For more information, visit the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Compare
Citizenship Status
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Methodological changes to citizenship edits may have affected citizenship data for those born in American Samoa. Users should be aware of these changes when using 2018 data or multi-year data containing data from 2018. For more information, see: American Samoa Citizenship User Note.
Nativity
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Methodological changes to citizenship edits may have affected citizenship data for those born in American Samoa. Users should be aware of these changes when using 2018 data or multi-year data containing data from 2018. For more information, see: American Samoa Citizenship User Note.
Year of Entry
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Methodological changes to citizenship edits may have affected citizenship data for those born in American Samoa. Users should be aware of these changes when using 2018 data or multi-year data containing data from 2018. For more information, see: American Samoa Citizenship User Note.
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Compare
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Compare. After the release of the 2022 American Community Survey (ACS) data products, an error was identified in the the Migration, Residence 1 Year Ago data. Revised data for 2022 were used to create the 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates, so estimates can be compared to those from the 2014-2018 5-year period. For more information, see: Data Processing Error for Migration Originating in Connecticut in 2022 ACS.
Means of Transportation to Work
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Compare. Beginning in 2019, the Census Bureau implemented changes to selected means of transportation categories based on results of the 2016 American Community Survey (ACS) Content Test. While the category labels have changed, the categories are considered comparable. Please refer to the 2019 Changes to the Means of Transportation Question Data User Note for comparability guidance.
Place of Work
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Private Vehicle Occupancy
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Time Leaving Home
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Travel Time to Work
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. The 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates contained expanded “husband/wife” and “unmarried partner” categories that included separate categories for opposite-sex and same-sex couples. Additionally, the “roomer or boarder” category was removed. For additional information regarding changes to the Relationship to Householder item, please see the Same-Sex Couples page. Further, the 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit, while the 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates used a joint relationship/marital status edit.
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Marital Status
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. The 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates used a separate marital status edit, while the 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates used a joint relationship/marital status edit.
Marital History
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. The 2019-2023 ACS 5-year estimates used a separate marital status edit, while the 2014-2018 ACS 5-year estimates used a joint relationship/marital status edit.
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Type of School & School Enrollment
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Educational Attainment
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Undergraduate Field of Degree
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Ability to Speak English
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Language Spoken at Home
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Some languages need additional steps for comparison. Please refer to the 2016 Language Data User Note for comparability guidance.
Poverty Status of Families and People in Families
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2023 ACS 5-year with the 2018 ACS 5-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2019-2023 with those in 2014-2018. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
Poverty Status of All People in the Poverty Universe
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2023 ACS 5-year with the 2018 ACS 5-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2019-2023 with those in 2014-2018. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
Hearing, Vision Difficulty
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Cognitive, Ambulatory, Self-Care Difficulty
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Independent Living Difficulty
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Household Income, Household Income by Source, Family Income, Nonfamily Household Income, Income for Individuals
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. To accurately assess changes in income over time, an adjustment for inflation is required.
-Estimates in the 2014-2018 ACS 5-year data set are inflation-adjusted to 2018 dollars.
-Estimates in the 2019-2023 ACS 5-year data set are inflation-adjusted to 2023 dollars.
The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Consumer Price Index Retroactive Series (R-CPI-U-RS, R-CPI-U-RS formerly the CPI-U-RS) to adjust for inflation. The annual average R-CPI-U-RS for 2023 (449.3) is divided by the same for 2018 (369.1) to determine the multiplier to inflation-adjust 2018 dollars to 2023 dollars. Accordingly, dollar value estimates from the 2014-2018 file should be multiplied by 1.21728529 to convert 2018 dollars to 2023 dollars. The exception is the Comparative Economic Characteristics Profile (CP03) where all income and earnings dollar values are presented in 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars. For more information on comparing multiyear estimates from two different time periods, refer to Chapter 10 of the ACS Handbook Understanding and Using American Community Survey Data: What All Data Users Need to Know.
Earnings (individuals)
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. To accurately assess changes in income over time, an adjustment for inflation is required. Refer to Income (19) above for guidance regarding inflation-adjusting dollar value estimates.
Veteran Status
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Period of Military Service
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Service-Connected Disability Status and Ratings
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Food Stamp, SNAP Benefit
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Employment Status
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Hours Worked
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Weeks Worked
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Compare. Beginning in data year 2019, respondents to the Weeks Worked question provided an integer value for the number of weeks worked. For data years 2008 through 2018, respondents selected a category corresponding to the number of weeks worked.
Class of Worker
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Industry
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. The ACS industry data for the years 2019 to 2022 were coded based on the 2017 revision of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. The 2023 ACS industry data are based on the 2022 revision of the NAICS codes. Because of the NAICS revisions and Census industry code changes, we recommend using caution when comparing 2019-2023 industry data with 2014-2018 industry data. For more information on Census industry code changes, please visit the Industry and Occupation website.
Occupation
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Do not compare. The Census occupation codes for 2019 and later data years used in the ACS are based on the 2018 revision of the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Occupation data for the years 2014 to 2018 was coded based on the 2010 revision of the SOC. There were significant changes to the Census occupation codes as a result of the 2018 SOC revisions. Therefore, the 2014-2018 and 2019-2023 occupation data are not comparable. For more information on the Census occupation code changes, please visit the Industry and Occupation website.
Bedrooms
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Contract, Gross, and Asking Rent
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Cost of Utilities
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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House Heating Fuel
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Kitchen Facilities
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Mortgage Status
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use Caution. In 2020, changes were made to allow those listed without a primary mortgage to have a home equity loan. In previous years, anyone with a home equity loan would have been categorized as having a primary mortgage.
Occupants per Room
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Plumbing Facilities
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Real Estate Taxes
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Rooms
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Selected Monthly Owner Costs
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Telephone Service
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Beginning in 2019 the telephone service question was revised in its structure and wording as a result of findings from the 2016 ACS Content Test. For more information on this change, see the following ACS User Note. In general, these changes led to an increase in households with telephone service in the 2019-2023 period compared to the 2014-2018 period.
Tenure
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Units in Structure
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Vacancy Status
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Value of Property
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Beginning in 2022, reported home value collected on the American Community Survey (ACS) were presented in current year dollars. This adjustment used the Retroactive Consumer Price Index Research Series (R-CPI-U-RS), formerly known as the CPI-U-RS, which is used to adjust all other dollar-denominated estimates in the ACS. This change brings the home value data in line with how all other dollar-denominated housing and income items are adjusted to real (i.e., constant) dollars. For more information, see the ACS Home Value User Note.
Vehicles Available
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Year Moved In
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Year Structure Built
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
Use caution. Changes in 2016 to question wording and the response options resulted in changed response patterns in the data. More detailed information about these changes is available in the 2016 American Community Survey Content Test Report for Computer and Internet Use or the User Note regarding changes to the 2016 questions.
2019-2023 ACS 5-Year with 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year
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Page Last Revised - February 6, 2025
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