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- Census.gov /
- American Community Survey (ACS) /
- Guidance for Data Users /
- Comparing ACS Data /
- 2022 Comparison Guidance
Comparing 2022 American Community Survey Data
Learn more about comparing:
Related Information
- 2021 ACS 1-year estimates
- 2020 Census
- 2010 Census
Related Information
- 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates
When comparing ACS estimates with other ACS estimates, there are several points to consider:
- Change in geographic boundaries - The geographic boundaries for the 2022 ACS 1-year estimates and 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates represent the boundaries as of January 1, 2022. Data users should be aware of changes in geographic boundaries when making comparisons. To learn more about geographic boundaries and notable changes for 2022, check out the Geography Boundaries by Year and Geography Changes webpages, respectively. For more information on geographic concepts used in the ACS, visit Geography and the ACS.
- Change in the questionnaire or coding - The list below provides details by subject for major questionnaire or coding changes.
- For guidance on issues with specific geographies or methodological changes, visit the Errata Notes and User Notes pages.
Comparing 2022 ACS 1-year Estimates
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Age)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Age)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Age)
Use Caution. The population continually ages—people enter into older age groups while babies fill the youngest age group. This means that a completely different set of people make up each age group from one time period to the next. Since populations occasionally experience booms/increases (for example, the postwar Baby Boom from 1946-1964) and busts/decreases in births, deaths, or migration, one should not necessarily expect that the population in an age group in the 2010 Census should be similar in size or proportion to the population in the same age group in different data year(s). For example, Baby Boomers were ages 46 to 64 in the 2010 Census while they were ages 58 to 76 in the 2022 1-year ACS, and ages 54 to 76 in the 2018-2022 5-year period. So, the age groups 65 to 69 and 70 to 74 would show considerable increase in population when comparing 2010 Census data with the single year or multiyear ACS data.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Sex)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Sex)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Sex)
Compare
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Race)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Race)
Compare. Differences between the 2022 ACS and Census 2020 may be the result of demographic changes, processing, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as ACS controls. For more information, see the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Race)
Use caution. Differences between 2022 ACS and 2010 Census may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on race was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census race question), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Hispanic or Latino Origin)
Use caution. Differences between 2022 ACS and 2021 ACS may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on Hispanic origin was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census Hispanic origin), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Hispanic or Latino Origin)
Compare. Differences between the 2022 ACS and Census 2020 may be the result of demographic changes, processing, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as ACS controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Hispanic or Latino Origin)
Use caution. Differences between 2022 ACS and 2010 Census may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on Hispanic origin was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census Hispanic origin question), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Ancestry)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Ancestry)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Ancestry)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Citizenship Status)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Citizenship Status)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Citizenship Status)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Nativity)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Nativity)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Nativity)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Year of Entry)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Year of Entry)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Year of Entry)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Place of Birth)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Place of Birth)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Place of Birth)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Migration/Residence 1 Year Ago)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Migration/Residence 1 Year Ago)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Migration/Residence 1 Year Ago)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Means of Transportation to Work)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Means of Transportation to Work)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Means of Transportation to Work)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Place of Work)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Place of Work)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Place of Work)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Private Vehicle Occupancy)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Private Vehicle Occupancy)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Private Vehicle Occupancy)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Time Leaving Home)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Time Leaving Home)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Time Leaving Home)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Travel Time to Work)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Travel Time to Work)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Travel Time to Work)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Relationship to Householder)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Relationship to Householder)
Use caution. Both the ACS and the 2020 Census used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit. However, the ACS edit also incorporated marital status information into the editing process, while the 2020 Census did not. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Relationship to Householder)
Use caution. The ACS used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit and 2010 Census did not. The ACS also has a category for foster children which is not in the 2010 Census. Additionally, the ACS includes separate answer categories for opposite-sex and same-sex spouses and unmarried partners and does not include a roomer or boarder category. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Grandparents as Caregivers)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Grandparents as Caregivers)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Grandparents as Caregivers)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Household/Family Type)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Household/Family Type)
Use caution. Both the ACS and the 2020 Census used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit. However, the ACS edit also incorporated marital status information into the editing process, while Census 2020 did not. These edits are used to determine categories of family and household types. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Household/Family Type)
Use caution. The ACS used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit and 2010 Census did not. The ACS also has a category for foster children, which is not in the 2010 Census. Additionally, the ACS includes separate answer categories for opposite-sex and same-sex spouses and unmarried partners and does not include a roomer or boarder category. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Subfamilies)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Subfamilies)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Subfamilies)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Marital Status)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Marital Status)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Marital Status)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Marital History)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Marital History)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Marital History)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Fertility)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Fertility)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Fertility)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Type of School & School Enrollment)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Type of School & School Enrollment)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Type of School & School Enrollment)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Educational Attainment)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Educational Attainment)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Educational Attainment)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Field of Degree)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Field of Degree)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Field of Degree)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Ability to Speak English)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Ability to Speak English)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Ability to Speak English)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Language Spoken at Home)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Language Spoken at Home)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Language Spoken at Home)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Poverty Status of Families and People in Families)
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2022 ACS 1-year with the 2021 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2022 with those in 2021. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Poverty Status of Families and People in Families)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Poverty Status of Families and People in Families)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Poverty Status of All People in the Poverty Universe)
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2022 ACS 1-year with the 2021 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2022 with those in 2021. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Poverty Status of All People in the Poverty Universe)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Poverty Status of All People in the Poverty Universe)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Hearing / Vision difficulty)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Hearing / Vision difficulty)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Hearing / Vision difficulty)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Cognitive / Ambulatory / Self-care difficulty)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Cognitive / Ambulatory / Self-care difficulty)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Cognitive / Ambulatory / Self-care difficulty)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Independent Living difficulty)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Independent Living difficulty)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Independent Living difficulty)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, adjacent years will have some reference months in common. Hence, comparing the 2022 ACS 1-year with the 2021 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2022 with those in 2021. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, “Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey,” Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. The Census Bureau recommends using R-CPI-U-RS adjustment factors published annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to adjust 2021 median, mean, and per capita income dollar amounts to 2022 dollars by multiplying the 2021 dollar amounts by the R-CPI-U-RS factor of 1.08091182.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Earnings (people))
Use caution. As ACS data are collected every month of the year, adjacent years will have some reference months in common. Hence, comparing the 2022 ACS 1-year with the 2021 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2022 with those in 2021. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. The Census Bureau recommends using R-CPI-U-RS adjustment factors published annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to adjust 2021 median, mean, and per capita income dollar amounts to 2022 dollars by multiplying the 2021 dollar amounts by the R-CPI-U-RS factor of 1.08091182.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Earnings (people))
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Earnings (people))
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2019 ACS 1-Year (Period of Military Service)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Period of Military Service)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Period of Military Service)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Veteran Status)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Veteran Status)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Veteran Status)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Service-Connected Disability Status and Ratings)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Service-Connected Disability Status and Ratings)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Service-Connected Disability Status and Ratings)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Food Stamp/SNAP Benefit)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Food Stamp/SNAP Benefit)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Food Stamp/SNAP Benefit)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Employment Status)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Employment Status)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Employment Status)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Hours Worked)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Hours Worked)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Hours Worked)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Weeks Worked)
Compare. Beginning in data year 2019, respondents to the Weeks Worked question provided an integer value for the number of weeks worked. For data years 2008 through 2018, respondents selected a category corresponding to the number of weeks worked.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Weeks Worked)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Weeks Worked)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Class of Worker)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Class of Worker)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Class of Worker)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Industry)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Industry)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Industry)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Occupation)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Occupation)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Occupation)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Bedrooms)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Bedrooms)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Bedrooms)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Contract, Gross, and Asking Rent)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Contract, Gross, and Asking Rent)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Contract, Gross, and Asking Rent)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Cost of Utilities)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Cost of Utilities)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Cost of Utilities)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (House Heating Fuel)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (House Heating Fuel)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (House Heating Fuel)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Kitchen Facilities)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Kitchen Facilities)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Kitchen Facilities)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Mortgage Status)
Use caution. Starting in 2020, respondents who indicated that they had a home equity loan, but no first mortgage, were left as having no first mortgage. These units will still be included in the Tenure ‘with a mortgage’ category but will not have a first mortgage under Mortgage Status.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Mortgage Status)
Use caution. The question was not asked in the 2020 Census; however, mortgage status can be obtained from the tenure question (owned with a mortgage or loan, including home equity loans; or owned free and clear, without a mortgage or loan).
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Mortgage Status)
Use caution. The question was not asked in the 2010 Census; however, mortgage status can be obtained from the tenure question (owned with a mortgage or loan, including home equity loans; or owned free and clear, without a mortgage or loan).
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Occupants per Room)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Occupants per Room)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Occupants per Room)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Plumbing Facilities)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Plumbing Facilities)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Plumbing Facilities)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Real Estate Taxes)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Real Estate Taxes)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Real Estate Taxes)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Rooms)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Rooms)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Rooms)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Selected Monthly Owner Costs)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Selected Monthly Owner Costs)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Selected Monthly Owner Costs)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Telephone Service)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Telephone Service)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Telephone Service)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Tenure)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Tenure)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Tenure)
Compare
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Units in Structure)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Units in Structure)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Units in Structure)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Vacancy Status)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Vacancy Status)
Do Not Compare. Because the ACS and the Decennial Census differ in their design and data collection methods, users should note that estimates of vacancy rates may also differ. For more information on vacancy rates between the ACS and Census, see Comparing 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates of Occupancy Status, Vacancy Status, and Household Size with the 2010 Census - Preliminary Results.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Vacancy Status)
Do Not Compare. Because the ACS and the Decennial Census differ in their design and data collection methods, users should note that estimates of vacancy rates may also differ. For more information on vacancy rates between the ACS and Census, see Comparing 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates of Occupancy Status, Vacancy Status, and Household Size with the 2010 Census - Preliminary Results.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Value of Property)
Use Caution. Starting in 2022 for the ACS 1-year file, the prior year Value of Property data was adjusted to current year dollars in the CP04 tables.
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Value of Property)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Value of Property)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Vehicles Available)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Vehicles Available)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Vehicles Available)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Year Moved In)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Year Moved In)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Year Moved In)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Year Structure Built)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Year Structure Built)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Year Structure Built)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Group Quarters Population)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Group Quarters Population)
Use caution. The total group quarters (GQ) population in the ACS may not be comparable with Census 2020 because there are some Census 2020 GQ types that were out of scope in the ACS such as maritime/merchant vessels, soup kitchens, regularly scheduled mobile food vans, and shelters for victims of natural disasters. “The exclusion of these GQ types from the ACS may result in a small bias in some ACS estimates to the extent that the excluded population is different from the included population.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Group Quarters Population)
Use caution. The total group quarters (GQ) population in the ACS may not be comparable with the 2010 Census. The ACS does not include all the GQ types that are found in the decennial census such as maritime/merchant vessels, soup kitchens, regularly scheduled mobile food vans, and shelters for victims of natural disasters. The exclusion of these GQ types from the ACS may result in a small bias in some ACS estimates to the extent that the excluded population is different from the included population.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Health Insurance)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Health Insurance)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Health Insurance)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Computer and Internet Use)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Computer and Internet Use)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Computer and Internet Use)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
2022 ACS 1-Year with 2021 ACS 1-Year (Citizen, Voting-Age Population)
Compare
2022 ACS with 2020 Census (Citizen, Voting-Age Population)
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census.
2022 ACS with 2010 Census (Citizen, Voting-Age Population)
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census.
* Each subject area is listed with its 2-digit code identifier. This code corresponds to the second and third characters of the ACS table number. For example, Table B08303 - Travel Time to Work has the second and third digits of "08" which corresponds to the subject Journey to Work; Workers; and Commuting.
Comparing 2018-2022 ACS 5-year Estimates
Specifically, when comparing the 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates with other non-overlapping ACS 5-year estimates, there are several points to consider:
- Changes to the population controls – The 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates use population controls that are informed by the 2020 Census. For guidance regarding the population controls for this data release, refer to Population Controls for the 2022 ACS. For more information about how the population estimates are used as controls for the ACS, visit the 2018-2022 ACS Multiyear Accuracy of the Data document.
Data users should use caution when comparing ACS 5-year estimates that include 2020 with other ACS 5-year data. There are multiple challenges to interpreting comparisons, including:
- Changes to the weighting methodology implemented to address the nonresponse bias issues in the 2020 data, see Modification to the 5-Year Estimation Methodology Containing Data Collected in 2020.
- Actual changes within the population and our ability to capture those changes.
- Tendency of multiyear estimates to smooth out sudden changes, see Period Estimates in the American Community Survey.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Age)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2012-2017 ACS 5-Year (Sex)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2012-2017 ACS 5-Year (Race)
Use caution. Differences between the 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates and 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates may be the result of demographic changes and/or differences in question wording, race reporting, or coding updates. For more information, visit the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Hispanic or Latino Origin)
Use caution. Differences between the 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates and 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates may be the result of demographic changes and/or differences in question wording, Hispanic origin reporting, or coding updates. For more information, visit the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic Origin Question.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Ancestry)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Citizenship)
Methodological changes to citizenship edits may have affected citizenship data for those born in American Samoa. Users should be aware of these changes when using 2018 data or multi-year data containing data from 2018. For more information, see: American Samoa Citizenship User Note.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Place of Birth)
Modest changes have been made to the region and country groupings. For the 2014 ACS South Sudan (code 463) was added as an eligible place of birth, please see the 2014 ACS Code List. For the 2017 ACS, St. Martin (code 349) was added as an eligible place of birth, please see the 2017 ACS Code List. These changes do not limit comparing most 2013-2017 ACS 5-year and 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Migration/Residence 1 Year Ago)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Commuting)
Beginning in 2019, the Census Bureau implemented changes to selected means of transportation categories based on results of the 2016 American Community Survey (ACS) Content Test. While the category labels have changed, the categories are considered comparable. Please refer to the 2019 Changes to the Means of Transportation Question Data User Note for comparability guidance.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Relationship to Householder)
Use caution when comparing the 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates to 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates. The 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates contained expanded “husband/wife” and “unmarried partner” categories that included separate categories for opposite-sex and same-sex couples. Additionally, the “roomer or boarder” category was removed. For additional information regarding changes to the Relationship to Householder item, please see the Same-Sex Couples page. Further, the 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit, while the 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates used a joint relationship/marital status edit.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Grandparents and Grandchildren Characteristics )
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Household/Family Type)
Use caution. The 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates contained expanded “husband/wife” and “unmarried partner” categories that included separate categories for opposite-sex and same-sex couples. For additional information regarding changes to the Relationship to Householder item, please see the Same-Sex Couples page. Further, the 2018-2022 ACS used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit, while the 2013-2017 ACS used a joint relationship/marital status edit. These edits are used to determine categories of family types.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Marital Status/Marital History)
Use caution. The 2018-2022 ACS 5-year estimates used a separate marital status edit, while the 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates used a joint relationship/marital status edit.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Fertility)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (School Enrollment)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Educational Attainment; Undergraduate Field of Degree)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Language Spoken at Home)
Use caution. Some languages need additional steps for comparison. Please refer to the 2016 Language Data User Note for comparability guidance.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Poverty Status)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Disability Status)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Income)
Use caution. To accurately assess changes in income over time, an adjustment for inflation is required.
- Estimates in the 2013-2017 ACS 5-year data set are inflation-adjusted to 2017 dollars.
- Estimates in the 2018-2022 ACS 5-year data set are inflation-adjusted to 2022 dollars.
The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Consumer Price Index Retroactive Series (R-CPI-U-RS, R-CPI-U-RS formerly the CPI-U-RS) to adjust for inflation. The annual average R-CPI-U-RS for 2022 (431.5) is divided by the same for 2017 (360.3) to determine the multiplier to inflation-adjust 2017 dollars to 2022 dollars. Accordingly, dollar value estimates from the 2013-2017 file should be multiplied by 1.19761310 to convert 2017 dollars to 2022 dollars. The exception is the Comparative Economic Characteristics Profile (CP03) where all income and earnings dollar values are presented in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars. For more information on comparing multiyear estimates from two different time periods, refer to Chapter 10 of the ACS Handbook Understanding and Using American Community Survey Data: What All Data Users Need to Know.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Earnings)
Use caution. To accurately assess changes in income over time, an adjustment for inflation is required. Refer to Income (19) above for guidance regarding inflation-adjusting dollar value estimates.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Veteran Status; Period of Military Service)
In 2013, the veteran status question was modified. As a result, we recommend using caution when comparing the 2018-2022 estimates to estimates from 2013-2017 of the veteran population or any earlier ACS 5-year data. For more information, visit the Veterans Statistics webpage.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Food Stamp/SNAP Benefit)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Employment Status; Work Status Last Year)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Industry, Occupation, and Class of Worker)
The ACS industry data for 2013 to 2017 years was coded based on the 2012 revision of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. The 2018 ACS industry data and later years are based on the 2017 revision of the NAICS codes. Because of the NAICS revisions and Census industry code changes, we recommend using caution when comparing 2018-2022 industry data with 2013-2017 industry data. For more information on Census industry code changes, please visit the Industry and Occupation website.
The Census occupation codes for 2018 and later data years are based on the 2018 revision of the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). The 2013-2017 ACS 5-year occupation data was based on the 2010 revision of the SOC. There were significant changes to the Census occupation codes as a result of the 2018 SOC revisions. Therefore, the 2013-2017 and 2018-2022 occupation data are not comparable. For more information on the Census occupation code changes, please visit the Industry and Occupation website.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Housing Characteristics)
Telephone service data should be compared with caution between 2013-2017 and 2018-2022. In 2017, a consistency check was added to the telephone service edit to better determine households with telephone service. Furthermore, beginning in 2019 the telephone service question was revised in its structure and wording as a result of findings from the 2016 ACS Content Test. For more information on this change, see the following ACS User Note. In general, these changes led to an increase in households with telephone service during the 2018-2022 period compared to the 2013-2017 period.
Mortgage status data compared between 2013-2017 and 2018-2022 should be done with caution. In 2020, changes were made to allow those listed without a primary mortgage to have a home equity loan. In previous years, anyone with a home equity loan would have been categorized as having a primary mortgage.
Home value data should be compared with caution between 2013-2017 and 2018-2022 as the differences captured in the tables will represent changes in reported home values. Starting with the 2022 data releases, reported home value collected on the American Community Survey (ACS) will be presented in current year dollars. This adjustment will use the Retroactive Consumer Price Index Research Series (R-CPI-U-RS), formerly known as the CPI-U-RS, which is used to adjust all other dollar-denominated estimates in the ACS. This change will bring the home value data in line with how all other dollar-denominated housing and income items are adjusted to real (i.e., constant) dollars. For more information, see the ACS Home Value User Note.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Group Quarters)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Health Insurance Coverage)
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2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Computer and Internet Use)
Use caution. Changes in 2016 to question wording and the response options resulted in changed response patterns in the data. For more detailed information about these changes, see the 2016 American Community Survey Content Test Report for Computer and Internet Use or the User Note regarding changes to the 2016 questions.
2018-2022 ACS 5-Year with 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year (Citizen, Voting-Age Population)
Data were not available prior to 2014. Therefore, the 2013-2017 ACS 5-year estimates are not available.
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Page Last Revised - December 6, 2023
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