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Race Working Papers

Working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics. They have not undergone a review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications.

View the list of working paper topics.

View the list of working papers by year.


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Working Paper
Understanding Counts of Afro-Latino Responses in the 2020 Census
Census counts for Afro-Latino and Garifuna were collected from the Hispanic origin question for the first time in Census Bureau history.


Working Paper
It’s Family Time! Parent-Child Interactions by Race and Ethnicity
Frequent parent-child dinners, outings and reading varied by race and ethnicity, socioeconomic characteristics, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.


Working Paper
The New Great Migration and Black Marriage Trends in the South
Using data from the ACS, this study examines whether the percentage of college-educated Black adults in southern MSAs is associated with marriage prevalence.


Working Paper
Usability Testing of Race/Hispanic Questions in the Census 2012-2020
Overview of usability testing from 2012-2020 of the race and Hispanic origin questions adapted for the online decennial census form.


Working Paper
Racial Disparities in Women’s Occupational Mobility
Racial disparities exist in occupational mobility, with Black and Hispanic women less likely to exit service occupations than White, non-Hispanic women.


Working Paper
The Intersectionality of the STEM Workforce
Does employment in STEM occupations differ by sex, race and Hispanic origin?


Working Paper
Interracial and Inter-ethnic Marriage and Self-Rated Health
Study explores the associations between partner race/ethnicity and health in the U.S. using the Survey of Income and Program Participation.


Working Paper
2016 American Community Survey Content Test: Race and Hispanic Origin
Results from the 2016 ACS Content Test of the questions about Race and Hispanic origin.


Working Paper
Race & Hispanic Origin Reporting Across Admin. Records & Other Sources
This paper explores different methods to assign one race and one Hispanic response when responses are discrepant.


Working Paper
An outside view: What do observers say about races & Hispanic origins?
This paper studies patterns of observer identification using a unique, large, linked data source with two measures of a person’s race and Hispanic origin.


Working Paper
Reliability of ACS 5-Year Est. of Race Groups and AIAN Populations
Learn more about the reliability of estimates of characteristics of race groups and tribal groupings across various levels of geography.


Working Paper
Joining, Leaving, Staying in the Amer. Indian/Alaska Native Category
Response changes should be considered when conceptualizing and operationalizing “the American Indian and Alaska Native population.”


Working Paper
Race Reporting Among Hispanics: 2010
This paper evaluates how the Hispanic origin population reported their race in the 2010 Census, with an emphasis on Hispanics who self-reported their origin.


Working Paper
Men in Nursing Occupations
In 2011, there were 330,000 men employed as nurses in the United States ‐ about 9 percent of all nurses.


Working Paper
Who Opts Out?
The paper addresses the lack of diversity in the opt-out discussion by comparing the prevalence of options among Asian, Black, Hispanic and White mothers.


Working Paper
Final Report of Usability Testing of the 2012 National Census Test
The Human Factors and Usability Research Group performed usability and accessibility testing of the 2012 National Census Test (NCT) online survey.


Working Paper
CPS Health Insurance Verification Question And Its Effects
In March 2000, the March Current Population Survey (CPS) added an experimental health insurance "verification" question.


Working Paper
Marital Homogamy and Economic Vulnerability During the Great Recession
Examines whether those employed/formerly employed in occupations that were hard‐hit by the recession were more likely to have employed partners after recession.


Working Paper
Historical Marriage Trends from 1890-2010
This paper views the history of marriage by sex and race, describing trends among those never married at age 35 and age 45 and older.


Working Paper
Cognitive Pretesting of 2010 AQE Race and Hispanic Origin
During the 2010 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau conducted several experiments to explore alternate content and ways to enhance data quality for the 2020 Census.


Working Paper
Residential Duration by Tenure, Race, and Ethnicity: 2009
This paper examines variations racial and ethnic groups’ residential durations by current and previous tenure status using data from the 2008 SIPP.


Working Paper
Residential Duration by Tenure, Race, and Ethnicity: 2009
This paper examines variations racial and ethnic groups’ residential durations by current and previous tenure status using data from the 2008 SIPP.


Working Paper
The Seasonality of Moves: 2009
This paper analyzes the seasonality of moves in the United States.


Working Paper
Contexts of Racial Socialization
Transracial adoption, that is, the adoption of a non-White child by White parents, has existed for over fifty years.


Working Paper
Noncognitive Skills and the Racial Wage Gap
This poster was presented at PAA. It adds two measures of noncognitive skills, locus of control and self-esteem, to determine the effect on the racial wage gap.


Working Paper
Iterative Cognitive Testing of the 2010 Race and Hispanic Origin
The results and recommendations of this report will inform the 2010 Census Program for Evaluations and Experiments (CPEX).


Working Paper
The Duration and Tenure of Residence, 1996 to 2009
This paper reports on the home ownership status of a housing unit (tenure) and the length of time that people stay in one place (residential duration).


Working Paper
Children's Coresidence with Half Siblings
A substantial proportion of children will live with half siblings during their childhood, and tend to fare worse on some measures of child well being.


Working Paper
Selected Characteristics of Baby Boomers 42 to 60 Years Old in 2006
This age and sex report contains information about baby boomers.


Working Paper
Cognitive Pretesting of 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment
During the 2010 Census, the CB will conduct several experiments to explore alternate content and ways to enhance data quality for the 2020 Census.


Working Paper
Comparison of ACS and ASEC to the CPS Data on Race: 2004
Comparison of national distributions of race between the 2004 ACS and 2004 ASEC.


Working Paper
United States Population Projections: 2000 to 2050
Over the next four decades, the U.S. is expected to experience rapid growth in its older population and a large increase in racial and ethnic diversity.


Working Paper
Children's Religious Attendance and Child Well-Being
This analysis explores the role of religious attendance in relationship to parental support, school attachment and academic achievement among children.


Working Paper
Linkages Amng Household Structure, Race/Ethnicity, & Geo. Levels
This paper compares and contrasts household structure indicators for six of the main U.S. race/ethnic groups at two geographical levels.


Working Paper
Results of the 2003 National Census Test of Race & Hispanic Questions
The 2003 National Census Test was a mailout/mailback experimental test of alternative versions of questions on Hispanic origin and race.


Working Paper
Results of a Replication of the 1990 Mail Short Form in Census 2000
This report documents results of an experiment conducted during Census 2000, in which1990-style census short forms were mailed to a sample of 10,500 households.

Page Last Revised - December 16, 2021
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