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Resource Library
Income & Poverty Working Papers
Income & Poverty Working Papers
Working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics. They have not undergone a review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications.
View the list of working paper topics.
View the list of working papers by year.
Working Paper
A Test of Alternative Child Care Expense Capping in the Supplemental Poverty Measure
This paper explores implementation of a recommended change to capping child care expenses in the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) for key groups of parents.
Working Paper
Updating Historical Supplemental Poverty Estimates For 2021 Methodology Changes
This paper presents revised Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) rates from 2009 to 2018 using the revised methodology first implemented for 2019 SPM rates.
Working Paper
Health Inclusive Poverty Measure in the United States: 2022
This paper provides estimates of economic well-being using the Health Inclusive Poverty Measure for 2022.
Working Paper
A Revision and Update of the Multidimensional Hardship Index
Multidimensional Hardship Index rates for the months April 2020 through March 2023.
Working Paper
Estimates of the Population Experiencing Homelessness and Living in Shelters
This paper provides estimates and explores the demographics of the population experiencing homelessness and living in shelters using the 2018-2022 5-year ACS.
Working Paper
2022 American Community Survey Content Test: Income
Results from the 2022 ACS Content Test of the questions about Income.
Working Paper
Alternative School Lunch Valuation in the 2022 Supplemental Poverty Measure
This paper describes the updated method for calculating and assigning school lunch values in the 2022 SPM.
Working Paper
Modeling State Tax Rebate Payments in the 2022 CPS ASEC
This paper summarizes state income tax rebates issued in 2022, inclusion of these payments in Census’s tax model, and impacts on post-tax income estimates.
Working Paper
The Impact of New Disclosure Avoidance Procedures on Estimating Supplemental Poverty Rates Using Public Microdata Files
This paper compares poverty estimates between the internal and public use 2022 and 2023 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Working Paper
Challenges in Producing the 2021 ACS SPM
This paper provides a methodology for producing the Supplemental Poverty Measure in the American Community Survey.
Working Paper
Modeling the 2021 Child Tax Credit in the CPS ASEC
Modeling the 2021 Child Tax Credit in the CPS ASEC.
Working Paper
Health Inclusive Poverty Measure Estimates in the United States: 2014 to 2021
This paper presents estimates of Health Inclusive Poverty in the United States from 2014 to 2021.
Working Paper
Measuring Poverty Subannually in the United States: A Methodology Note
This paper discusses a methodology for estimating monthly poverty rates for the United States.
Working Paper
Identifying Gentrification Using Machine Learning
The paper explores machine learning techniques to identify housing units at high risk of gentrification in Washington D.C. Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Working Paper
Well-being by Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
Working Paper
Monthly Financial Insecurity Estimates using the Household Pulse Survey
This paper is a comparison of monthly financial insecurity and poverty estimates.
Working Paper
Family Pies: Effects of Family Resource Shares in Childhood
Effects of birth order on various outcomes have been extensively studied in both life sciences and social sciences.
Working Paper
Methods and Assumptions of the CPS ASEC Tax Model
This paper details the methods and assumptions of the CPS ASEC Tax Model.
Working Paper
The Impact of the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit on Child Poverty
This paper examines the impact of the expanded Child Tax Credit on child poverty.
Working Paper
SNAP Receipt in SIPP: Using Administrative Records to Evaluate Data Quality
This conference paper examines SNAP survey data quality using the 2014-2020 SIPP data linked to select state-level administrative records.
Working Paper
The Retirement Income of the Prime Working Aged
This conference paper examines early pension and retirement account withdrawals using SIPP linked to administrative records.
Working Paper
School Lunch and P-EBT Valuation in the 2021 SPM
This paper describes the updated method for calculating and assigning school lunch values in the 2021 SPM.
Working Paper
Unbanked and Impoverished? Exploring Banking and Poverty Interactions
Using three leading household surveys, this paper documents how the interaction
between bank access and poverty has evolved over time.
Working Paper
Effects of 2020 Census-Based Population Controls on 2020 Estimates
This paper demonstrates the effect of using the 2020 Census-based population controls on the 2020 data by presenting key estimates using both the 2010 and 2020
Working Paper
Producing County-level MDI Rates Using Public Use Data: 2010 to 2019
This paper explains how new estimates are used to explore how county MDI rates differed throughout the country and changed from 2010 through 2019.
Working Paper
Examining the Impact of Medical Expenses on Supplemental Poverty Rates
The paper examines the impact of deducting out-of-pocket medical expenses on Supplemental Poverty rates.
Working Paper
2022 ACS Content Test: Round 3 Cognitive Testing Results
This report summarizes results from Round 3 of cognitive testing, which gathered feedback from individuals in groups quarters facilities and Puerto Rico.
Working Paper
The Impact of Alternative Inflation Adjustments on CPS ASEC Income Statistics
This paper documents the implications of using chain type price indices to inflation adjust estimates of historical income and earnings statistics.
Working Paper
2022 ACS Content Test: Round 1 and Round 2 Cognitive Testing Results
This report summarizes results from two rounds of cognitive testing for the 2022 ACS Content Test.
Working Paper
Student Debt and Its Co-Occurrence with Other Types of Debt
This presentation uses a descriptive accounting of student loans and their connection to other types of debt.
Working Paper
Self-Employment Status: Imputations, Implications, and Improvements
A paper that examines the quality of self-employment imputation in Census surveys.
Working Paper
Using WIC Administrative Data to Evaluate the SPM
This paper links state administrative data on the WIC program to the CPS ASEC to assess the impact of WIC misreporting on the Supplemental Poverty Measure.
Working Paper
Incorporating Health Insurance in Poverty Measurement: Implementing a Health Inclusive Poverty Measure in the United States
This paper discusses the feasibility of incorporating a value of health insurance in the Supplemental Poverty Measure framework
Working Paper
Addressing Nonresponse Bias in the ACS Using Administrative Data
Learn how the pandemic disrupted ACS data collection in 2020 and why the 2020 ACS 1-year estimates will be released as an experimental product.
Working Paper
Cognitive Testing Results for the CPS Food Security Supplement
Testing on how participants interpreted new questions and modifications to existing questions about food insecurity and food purchases.
Working Paper
Alternative School Lunch Valuation in the CPS ASEC During COVID-19
This paper describes the school lunch value calculations for the 2020 CPS ASEC, given changes to the school lunch program in response to COVID-19.
Page Last Revised - June 13, 2023
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