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Working Papers

Working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics. They have not undergone a review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications.

View the list of working paper topics.

View the list of working papers by year.


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Working Paper
The Effects of the Changes to the CPS-ASEC on Estimates of Income
This paper presents the resulting income estimates based on changes to the CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement questionnaire on income estimates.


Working Paper
Comparing Income Aggregates: 2007-2012
This paper compares income aggregates from Census survey data to administrative benchmarks from the BEA's National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA).


Working Paper
Expert Meeting on Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Presentations from the Expert Meeting on Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance held on March 20, 2015 at Census Bureau Headquarters


Working Paper
Bridging a Survey Redesign Using Multiple Imputation
This paper discusses using multiple imputation techniques to combine sub-samples of the traditional and redesigned 2014 CPS ASEC.


Working Paper
Discrepancies Between Measured Income in the AHS and the CPS
This examines the hypothesis that lower income amounts are reported in the AHS (because the form is less detailed than the CPS) and aims to modify the form.


Working Paper
Defining Poverty in Terms of Time and Income: Parental Time
This poster was presented at PAA. It looks at poverty in terms of time use using time diary data to identify families who are income poor, time poor, and both.


Working Paper
Evaluating the 2013 CPS ASEC Income Redesign Content Test
CPS ASEC is the official source of US national poverty stats. The questionnaire redesign aims to update questions on retirement income and health insurance.


Working Paper
Noncognitive Skills and the Racial Wage Gap
This poster was presented at PAA. It adds two measures of noncognitive skills, locus of control and self-esteem, to determine the effect on the racial wage gap.


Working Paper
Valuing Housing in Measures of Household & Family Economic Well-Being
This examines the incorporation of housing benefits in measures of economic well being to account for rental income, financing changes, subsidies and expenses.


Working Paper
A Look at CPS Non-Response and Trends in Poverty
This paper assesses the extent of the bias in poverty rates caused by earnings non-response and the hot deck procedure over the time period 1997-2008.


Working Paper
Median Income and Earnings Estimates: Comparison of ACS and CPS
Comparison of national estimates of income between the 2004 and 2005 ACS and the 2005 and 2006 CPS ASEC.


Working Paper
Using SNAP Admin Records and TRIM3 to Evaluate Poverty Measurement
In this paper, we link state SNAP administrative records and Transfer Income Model data to the CPS ASEC to examine two outcomes related to poverty measurement.


Working Paper
Deconstructing Poverty Rates among the 65 and Older Population
This paper investigates the underlying causes and explanations of the first increase in 6 years in poverty among individuals aged 65 and over using the SPM.


Working Paper
SPM Median Rent Index Excluding Housing Assistance Recipients
This paper evaluates the impact of excluding housing assistance recipients from the estimation of the index used to adjust thresholds for the SPM.


Working Paper
Wage Data Quality Assessment in the March CPS and the SIPP
This report assesses the data quality of annual wage data in the March CPS and the SIPP.


Working Paper
The Administrative Income Statistics (AIS) Project: Research on the Use of Administrative Records to Improve Income and Resource Estimates
We review research on mis-reporting and non-response bias in income surveys. We discuss research needed to use administrative data to reduce these biases.


Working Paper
The Living Arrangements of Young Adults in the U.S. 1995-2011
Examines how changes in living arrangements for young adults over the period were affected by the recession.


Working Paper
Effects of 2020 Census-Based Population Controls on 2020 Estimates
This paper demonstrates the effect of using the 2020 Census-based population controls on the 2020 data by presenting key estimates using both the 2010 and 2020


Working Paper
School Lunch and P-EBT Valuation in the 2021 SPM
This paper describes the updated method for calculating and assigning school lunch values in the 2021 SPM.


Working Paper
Coronavirus Infects Surveys, Too: Survey Nonresponse Bias
This paper evaluates how response in the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) was affected by COVID-19.


Working Paper
Do Older Americans Have More Income Than We Think?
This paper reassesses income and poverty statistics for the population aged 65 and over using the CPS ASEC linked to IRS and SSA administrative records.


Working Paper
Unbanked and Impoverished? Exploring Banking and Poverty Interactions
Using three leading household surveys, this paper documents how the interaction between bank access and poverty has evolved over time.


Working Paper
Modeling State Tax Rebate Payments in the 2022 CPS ASEC
This paper summarizes state income tax rebates issued in 2022, inclusion of these payments in Census’s tax model, and impacts on post-tax income estimates.


Working Paper
Alternative School Lunch Valuation in the 2022 Supplemental Poverty Measure
This paper describes the updated method for calculating and assigning school lunch values in the 2022 SPM.

Page Last Revised - December 16, 2021
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