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Decennial Census of Population and Housing Working Papers

Working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics. They have not undergone a review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications.



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Working Paper
Text-To-Web for Measuring User Satisfaction with the Online Census
Experiment testing whether time of day the text was sent (12 noon or 6 pm) influenced overall response rate or satisfaction.


Working Paper
Disclosure Avoidance for the 2020 Census DHC
In this paper we describe the updates to the DAS that were required to release the Demographic and Housing Characteristics File.


Working Paper
Testing the 2023 Census Test Mailing Materials in English and Spanish
Early decade test in preparation for the 2030 Decennial Census.


Working Paper
Understanding Counts of Afro-Latino Responses in the 2020 Census
Census counts for Afro-Latino and Garifuna were collected from the Hispanic origin question for the first time in Census Bureau history.


Working Paper
Uses of Decennial Census Programs Data in Federal Funds Distribution
This working paper documents an updated estimate of the allocation of federal funds distributed in whole or in part using Decennial Census Programs data.


Working Paper
21st Century Statistical Disclosure Limitation


Working Paper
Full Report Comparing Administrative Record Rosters, Self-Response and NRFU Response
This paper compares administrative record rosters used for the 2020 Census to self-response rosters and NRFU household member responses.


Working Paper
An Annotated Bibliography of Privacy-Violating Attacks
This annotated bibliography is intended to serve as a convenient guide to papers constituting the scientific literature on privacy-violating attacks.


Working Paper
Bayesian and Frequentist Semantics for Common Variations of DP
Differential privacy is the formal privacy framework adopted for disclosure avoidance in the 2020 United States Decennial Census of Population and Housing.


Working Paper
Comparing Census Bureau Media Coverage and Federal Survey Cooperation
Study uses media listening tools to examine associations between mentions in the news media of decennial census and respondent cooperation.


Working Paper
Confidentiality Protection in the 2020 U.S. Census of Population
This article discusses the deployment of a differential privacy framework for the 2020 US Census that was customized to protect confidentiality.


Working Paper
The 2020 Census Disclosure Avoidance System TopDown Algorithm
The Census TopDown Algorithm is a disclosure avoidance system using differential privacy for privacy-loss accounting.


Working Paper
Pilot Test on the Undercount of Young Children
Cognitive testing and focus group pilot test on methods of collecting decennial census household roster.


Working Paper
2020 Census User Experience Survey Report
This report documents findings from a follow up survey to measure the public’s satisfaction with the online 2020 Census questionnaire.


Working Paper
2020 Census Questionnaire Assistance Qualitative Assessment
Qualitative evaluation (site visits, focus groups, exit survey) of the 2020 Census Questionnaire Assistance (CQA) telephone operation.


Working Paper
Block-Level Simulation of Non-Sampling Variability in Decennial Census
Attached are two notes documenting the methods and results from two studies we performed that used simulations to investigate variation.


Working Paper
In Utero Exposure to Airborne Lead Affects Long-Run Socioeconomic
We report on the long-term effects of in utero exposure to air lead on adult socio-economic outcomes.


Working Paper
Statistical Language Performance at the U.S. Census Bureau
This paper compares the runtime of different programming languages while performing basic data management tasks and presents information on the wide variations.


Working Paper
Supplementary Materials for In Utero Exposure to Airborne Lead
These are the supplementary materials for "In Utero Exposure to Airborne Lead Affects Long-Run Socioeconomic Outcomes."


Working Paper
Usability of a Crowdsourcing Instrument for Identifying Vacant Homes
Usability test to explore crowdsourcing of survey tool features (e.g., satellite versus road maps) for participants to identify vacant housing units.


Working Paper
The Modernization of Statistical Disclosure Limitation
The U.S. Census Bureau views disclosure limitation not just as a research interest, but as an operational imperative.


Working Paper
Differentially Private k-Nearest Neighbor Missing Data Imputation
In this paper, we establish a smooth upper bound for k-nearest-neighbor imputation.


Working Paper
Usability Testing of Race/Hispanic Questions in the Census 2012-2020
Overview of usability testing from 2012-2020 of the race and Hispanic origin questions adapted for the online decennial census form.


Working Paper
The Decennial Census Digitization and Linkage Project
This paper describes the DCDL, which is an initiative to produce linked restricted microdata files from the decennial censuses of 1960 through 1990.


Working Paper
Disclosure Avoidance Techniques Used for the 1960 Through 2010 Census
The U.S. Census Bureau conducts the decennial censuses under Title 13, U.S. Code, Section 9.


Working Paper
2020 Census Report: The Effect of the Mail Delivery Date
Experiment on effect of survey invitation mail delivery date on response rates and calls to helpline.


Working Paper
Spanish Usability Testing of 2020 CBAMS Survey
Usability testing of the Spanish web version of the 2020 Census Barriers, Attitudes, and Motivators Survey (CBAMS).


Working Paper
The 2010 Undercount of Young Children – Analysis of Complex Households
A typology of complex households is used to analyze household structure and the undercount of young children in the 2010 Census.


Working Paper
Mailing Package, Digital Video Ads and the Census Landing Page
Usability evaluation of an online survey invitation and redesigned landing page.


Working Paper
2020 Census Barriers, Attitudes and Motivators Survey Usability Test
Usability testing of the internet version of the 2020 Census Barriers, Attitudes, and Motivators Survey (CBAMS).


Working Paper
Integrating Survey Respondents: Leveraging Existing Household Survey
This poster describes a new innovative project that harmonizes and integrates survey data overtime and across surveys.


Working Paper
What is Associated with Providing Fixed Internet Service?
In this poster, we use merged administrative and survey data to identify factors associated with Internet Service Providers (ISPs) providing internet service.


Working Paper
Evaluating the Decennial Census Call-in Option: the 2016 Census Test
This study uses interviewer debriefings to evaluate the call-in option, where respondents report their data over the phone with a Census Bureau interviewer.


Working Paper
Multilingual Research for Interviewer Doorstep Messages Final Report
This study uses focus groups, language and survey experts to tailor and improve interviewer doorstep messages for use with English and non-English speakers.


Working Paper
Policy and Evaluation of the US Census Bureau’s Statistics on Language
This article examines how and why the U.S. Census Bureau asks about language.


Working Paper
Uses of Census Bureau Data in Federal Funds Distribution
This working paper documents an updated estimate of the federal funds distributed each year in whole or in part using U.S. Census Bureau data.

Page Last Revised - December 16, 2021
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