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To learn more about comparing the 2012-2016 ACS 5-year estimates with the 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates, visit the 5-year to 5-year Comparison Guide page.
Learn more about comparing the 2021 ACS 1-year estimates with:
Data users should NOT compare 2020 ACS 1-year experimental estimates with any other data. For more information, visit Comparing 2020 American Community Survey Data.
If you would like to compare the 2021 ACS 1-year estimates with ACS estimates prior to the 2019 ACS, please refer to the year-by-year comparison guidance throughout the entire time span. For example, to compare the 2021 ACS 1-year estimates with the 2018 ACS 1-year estimates, please reference:
For guidance on issues with specific geographies or methodological changes, visit the Errata Notes and User Notes pages.
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The population continually ages—people enter into older age groups while babies fill the youngest age group. This means that a completely different set of people make up each age group from one time period to the next. Since populations occasionally experience booms/increases (for example, the postwar Baby Boom from 1946-1964) and busts/decreases in births, deaths, or migration, one should not necessarily expect that the population in an age group in 2010 Census should be similar in size or proportion to the population in the same age group in different data year(s). For example, Baby Boomers were ages 46 to 64 in the 2010 Census while they were ages 57 to 75 in the 2021 1-year ACS, and ages 53 to 75 in the 2017-2021 5-year period. So, the age groups 65 to 69 and 70 to 74 would show considerable increase in population when comparing 2010 Census data with the single year or multiyear ACS data.
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Compare with caution
Differences between 2021 ACS and 2019 ACS may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on race was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census race question), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
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Compare with Caution
Differences between 2021 ACS and 2010 Census may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on race was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census race question), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Race User Note: Improvements to the Race Question.
Compare with caution
Differences between 2021 ACS and 2019 ACS may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on Hispanic origin was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census Hispanic origin), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
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Differences between 2021 ACS and 2010 Census may be the result of demographic changes, and/or differences in question wording (the ACS question on Hispanic origin was revised in 2020 to make it consistent with the 2020 Census Hispanic origin question), processing, coding updates, or methodological differences in the population estimates used as controls. For more information, see the ACS Hispanic Origin User Note: Improvements to the Hispanic origin question.
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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Compare with Caution
Both the ACS and the 2020 Census used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit. However, the ACS edit also incorporated marital status information into the editing process, while the 2020 Census did not. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
Compare with Caution
The ACS used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit and 2010 Census did not. The ACS also has a category for foster children which is not in the 2010 Census. Additionally, the ACS includes separate answer categories for opposite-sex and same-sex spouses and unmarried partners and does not include a roomer or boarder category. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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Compare with Caution
Both the ACS and the 2020 Census used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit. However, the ACS edit also incorporated marital status information into the editing process, while Census 2020 did not. These edits are used to determine categories of family types. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
Compare with Caution
The ACS used a joint age, sex, and relationship edit and 2010 Census did not. The ACS also has a category for foster children, which is not in the 2010 Census. Additionally, the ACS includes separate answer categories for opposite-sex and same-sex spouses and unmarried partners and does not include a roomer or boarder category. Differences in weighting schemes between the census and the ACS could produce inconsistencies in comparisons.
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2021 ACS 1-year with the 2019 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2021 with those in 2019. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
Compare with Caution
As ACS data are collected every month of the year, reference months in a calendar year overlap with the reference months in the preceding calendar year. Hence, comparing the 2021 ACS 1-year with the 2019 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2021 with those in 2019. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. For specific questions and answers about sources of poverty data, see Questions and Answers about Sources of Poverty Data.
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
Compare with Caution
As ACS data are collected every month of the year, adjacent years will have some reference months in common. Hence, comparing the 2021 ACS 1-year with the 2019 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2021 with those in 2019. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. The Census Bureau recommends using CPI-U-RS adjustment factors published annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to adjust 2019 median, mean, and per capita income dollar amounts to 2021 dollars by multiplying the 2019 dollar amounts by the CPI-U-RS factor of 1.05976096.
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
Compare with Caution
As ACS data are collected every month of the year, adjacent years will have some reference months in common. Hence, comparing the 2021 ACS 1-year with the 2019 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2021 with those in 2019. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. The Census Bureau recommends using CPI-U-RS adjustment factors published annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to adjust 2019 median, mean, and per capita income dollar amounts to 2021 dollars by multiplying the 2019 dollar amounts by the CPI-U-RS factor of 1.05976096.
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
Compare with Caution
As ACS data are collected every month of the year, adjacent years will have some reference months in common. Hence, comparing the 2021 ACS 1-year with the 2019 ACS 1-year estimates is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2021 with those in 2019. For a discussion of this and related issues, see Hogan, Howard, "Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey," Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson eds., Springer Netherlands, 2008. The Census Bureau recommends using CPI-U-RS adjustment factors published annually by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to adjust 2019 median, mean, and per capita income dollar amounts to 2021 dollars by multiplying the 2019 dollar amounts by the CPI-U-RS factor of 1.05976096.
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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Beginning in data year 2019, respondents to the Weeks Worked question provided an integer value for the number of weeks worked. For data years 2008 through 2018, respondents selected a category corresponding to the number of weeks worked.
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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Starting in 2020, respondents who indicated that they had a home equity loan, but no first mortgage, were left as having no first mortgage. These units will still be included in the Tenure ‘with a mortgage’ category but will not have a first mortgage under Mortgage Status.
The question was not asked in the 2020 Census; however, mortgage status can be obtained from the tenure question (owned with a mortgage or loan, including home equity loans; or owned free and clear, without a mortgage or loan).
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The question was not asked in the 2010 Census; however, mortgage status can be obtained from the tenure question (owned with a mortgage or loan, including home equity loans; or owned free and clear, without a mortgage or loan).
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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Because the ACS and the Decennial Census differ in their design and data collection methods, users should note that estimates of vacancy rates may also differ. For more information on vacancy rates between the ACS and Census, see Comparing 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates of Occupancy Status, Vacancy Status, and Household Size with the 2010 Census - Preliminary Results.
Do Not Compare
Because the ACS and the Decennial Census differ in their design and data collection methods, users should note that estimates of vacancy rates may also differ. For more information on vacancy rates between the ACS and Census, see Comparing 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates of Occupancy Status, Vacancy Status, and Household Size with the 2010 Census - Preliminary Results.
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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Compare with Caution
The total group quarters (GQ) population in the ACS may not be comparable with Census 2020 because there are some Census 2020 GQ types that were out of scope in the ACS such as maritime/merchant vessels, soup kitchens, regularly scheduled mobile food vans, and shelters for victims of natural disasters. “” The exclusion of these GQ types from the ACS may result in a small bias in some ACS estimates to the extent that the excluded population is different from the included population.
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The total group quarters (GQ) population in the ACS may not be comparable with the 2010 Census. The ACS does not include all the GQ types that are found in the decennial census such as maritime/merchant vessels, soup kitchens, regularly scheduled mobile food vans, and shelters for victims of natural disasters. The exclusion of these GQ types from the ACS may result in a small bias in some ACS estimates to the extent that the excluded population is different from the included population.
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
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The question was not asked in the 2020 Census
The question was not asked in the 2010 Census
* Each subject area is listed with its 2-digit code identifier. This code corresponds to the second and third characters of the ACS table number. For example, Table B08303 - Travel Time to Work has the second and third digits of "08" which corresponds to the subject Journey to Work; Workers; and Commuting.
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