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The Emergence of Wage Discrimination in U.S. Manufacturing

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The Emergence of Wage Discrimination in U.S. Manufacturing

Written by:
Working Paper Number CES-11-18

Abstract

The Emergence of Wage Discrimination in U.S. Manufacturing
Download The Emergence of Wage Discrimination in U.S. Manufacturing [PDF - <1.0 MB]

This paper examines the hypothesis that wage discrimination emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century. I test for wage discrimination by estimating the female-male productivity ratio from samples of manufacturing firms in the northeast, and then comparing the estimated productivity ratio to the wage ratio. I find that women did not face wage discrimination in manufacturing during the nineteenth century. In 1900 there was wage discrimination against women in white-collar jobs, but not in blue-collar jobs. Wage discrimination persisted, and in 2002 the female-male wage ratio was less than the productivity ratio.

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Page Last Revised - October 8, 2021
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