Hispanic and Black respondents were more likely than other racial or ethnic groups to report COVID-19 symptoms lasting three months or longer, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (HPS).

The HPS, an experimental online survey representative of the U.S. adult population at the state and national level, began asking about long COVID symptoms in June of 2022, more than two years after the pandemic hit the United States. It found that 31.1% of respondents ages 18 and over reported long-lasting symptoms.

Findings are based on responses collected from June to December 2022. See the technical documentation for more information about the HPS.

Hispanic respondents were the most likely to report long COVID symptoms and non-Hispanic Asian respondents were the least likely (Figure 1).

Though less likely than Hispanic respondents, Black respondents were more likely than White or Asian respondents to suffer long COVID.

Women were more likely than men to say they suffered long-lasting symptoms.

But respondents who identified as “Transgender” or “None of these” listed genders were far more likely to suffer from long COVID than those identifying as male or female.

Respondents identifying as gay/lesbian or straight were the least likely to suffer from long COVID symptoms and were not statistically different from one another.

People between ages 40 and 59 were the most likely to report long COVID symptoms, while those in the oldest age category (70 and over) were the least likely.

Respondents without a high school degree were the most likely to report long COVID symptoms while those with a college degree were the least likely (Figure 2).

Interestingly, those with a high school degree or less were the least likely to report having tested positive for COVID-19 while those with at least some college were the most likely (those with some college education were not significantly different from those with a college degree).

The HPS income question is categorical, so to avoid conflating different types of households the universe was limited to two-adult/two-children households.

Not all estimates were significantly different but it is clear that those at the top income distribution (more than $100,000) were less likely than those at the bottom (less than $100,000) to report long COVID. 

Now that we have a better understanding of who long COVID sufferers are, let’s review several measures of well-being.

First some definitions. A person faces financial insecurity if they respond that it had been very difficult for their household to pay for usual household expenses. They are in multidimensional hardship (MHI) if they reported at least two of the following:

• Mental health. Feeling down, depressed or hopeless more than half the days in the previous week.
• Job insecurity. Not being employed due to illness, caring for others or losing a job due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Food insufficiency. Living in a household that sometimes or often did not have enough food to eat in the last 7 days.
• Housing insecurity. Little or no confidence in their ability to make mortgage or rent payments the next month.

Figure 3 shows the percentage of respondents who reported hardship in these well-being measures in each COVID-19 category: never had Covid-19; had COVID-19 and reported having long COVID symptoms; had COVID-19 and reported no long COVID symptoms.

Approximately 27% of long COVID sufferers were financially insecure, compared to 18% of people who never tested positive for COVID-19, and 15% of people who did but did not have long COVID symptoms. The overall pattern was the same for each measure. Respondents with long COVID symptoms reported the highest level of hardship defined by each measure.

Respondents reporting they never tested positive for COVID-19 actually faced higher levels of hardship than those who did test positive but reported no long-lasting symptoms.