On April 1, 1917, Scott Joplin—the "King of Ragtime"—passed away at New York City's Manhattan State Hospital. During his brief career, the musician wrote a ballet, two operas, and 44 original ragtime compositions, including "The Maple Leaf Rag," one of the ragtime genre's earliest and most influential compositions, along with others that continue to feature prominently in movies, television, and theater.
Scott Joplin was born in northeast Texas (his gravestone claims on November 24, 1868), to railway laborers Florence Givens and Giles Joplin. Joplin grew up in Texarkana, TX, where he studied piano and taught mandolin and guitar. In the 1880s, he worked as an itinerant musician and traveled throughout the southern United States performing in minstrel shows. In 1893, Joplin composed and performed music at the Chicago World's Fair to delighted audiences and moved to Sedalia, MO, in 1894. In Sedalia, he performed in the city's dance halls and clubs, composed music, and taught piano lessons to aspiring ragtime musicians Brun Campbell, Scott Hayden, and Arthur Marshall.
Less than 2 years after William Krell published the first ragtime composition ("Mississippi Rag") in 1897, Joplin copyrighted "Original Rags"—his first "rag"—in March 1899. In August of that year, Joplin signed a contract with Sedalia, MO, musical instrument retailer John Stillwell Stark to publish his music. He released "The Maple Leaf Rag"—one of his most popular works—the following month.
In the early 1900s, Joplin moved to St. Louis, MO, where he began collaborating with his former piano student Scott Hayden to write "The Entertainer" and other works. He moved to New York in 1907, where he staged a disastrous single performance of an operatic work titled Treemonisha before an audience of critics and potential investors. He self-published his last rag—"Magnetic Rag"—in 1914. Suffering from dementia, Joplin was admitted to New York City's Manhattan State Hospital in January 1917 and died there on April 1, 1917. He was buried in an unmarked grave in East Elmhurst (Queens Borough), NY.
Although the popularity of ragtime music declined in the 1910s as jazz, swing, and other musical genres rose to replace it, Joplin's work was not forgotten. The composer achieved his greatest fame posthumously as new generations of musicians and audiences discovered his music. In the 1930s, musicians Tommy Dorsey and Jelly Roll Morton released recordings of Joplin's work. The National Academy of Popular Music inducted Joplin into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, and a 2-volume record set of his music became a bestseller and Grammy Award nominee in 1971. In 1973, composer Marvin Hamlisch adapted Joplin's music for the Academy Award-winning Best Picture, The Sting and earned Hamlisch the Oscar for Best Original Song Score and Adaptation in 1974. That same year, Joplin's grave finally received a marker. After excerpts of Joplin's Treemonisha—the opera that bankrupted the composer—were performed at the Lincoln Center and Morehouse College in 1971 and 1972, the Houston Grand Opera staged a full operatic production the work in May 1975, followed by an 8-week run at New York's Palace Theatre. In 1976, Joplin received a special Pulitzer Prize "for his contributions to American music" and the home he rented in St. Louis, MO, from 1900 to 1903 became a National Historic Landmark.
Today, ragtime enthusiasts continue to celebrate the music and the musician who pioneered the genre each year in Sedalia, MO. Between May 31 to June 3, 2017, the Scott Joplin International Ragtime Foundation hosts the 36th annual Scott Joplin International Ragtme Festival .
Learn more about Scott Joplin, Ragtime, and the entertainers he influenced using data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau and other federal agencies. For example:
On April 10, 1928, Senator Coleman L. Blease (D–SC) rebuked Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover for ending racial segregation at the U.S. Census Bureau.
Hoover's actions were a result of criticisms against the federal government by Neval H. Thomas, president of the Washington DC, chapter of the NAACP.
Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Scott
Joplin moved to St. Louis, MO, in 1900, where he composed rags like "The Entertainer" and "The Easy Winners."
The 1900 Census found that St. Louis was the nation's fourth largest city with a population of 575,238.
The city's population peaked in 1950 at 856,796 and began declining in 1960 as the suburbs grew. By 2015, the Census Bureau estimated its population was 315,685.
Ragtime's popularity peaked between 1900 and 1915. During that time, the nation's population grew from about 76 million to 99 million and Oklahoma (1907), New Mexico (1912), and Arizona (1912) joined the Union.
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